Full name is diabetes mellitus diabetes, which means “sugar honey”. The term “diabetes mellitus” comes from the Greek which if translated means “to flow through a pipe to atmospheric pressure” and from Latin that can be translated as “sweet as honey”.

Understanding of Greek and Latin diabetes describing precisely. Because the water through the body of diabetic patients as if derived from the mouth through the urinary tract and directly out of the body. Diabetisi urine (with diabetes) it was sweet because it contains sugar. Formerly, one of the tests for diabetes is to pour the patient’s urine near an ant nest. If insects were swarming urine, it indicates the existence of sugar. That’s why diabetes is often referred to as diabetes.

What is Diabetes?

Every food we eat is converted into energy by the body. In the stomach, and intestines, the food broken down into several basic elements, including one type of sugar, namely glucose. If there is sugar, the pancreas produces insulin, which helps flow of sugar into body cells. Then, the sugar can be absorbed well in the body and burned to produce energy.
Indonesia is ranked the four states with the largest number of diabetics in the world

When a person has diabetes the pancreas that person can not produce enough insulin to absorb sugar obtained from food. That which causes blood sugar levels are high due to a pile of sugar from food that can not be absorbed properly and burned into energy. Another cause is a defect of insulin or the body can not properly use insulin.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, an organ next to the stomach. This hormone attaches itself to receptors on the cell wall. Insulin receptors on duty to open the cell wall so that glucose enters the cell. Then the cells turn glucose into energy the body needs to perform the activity. In other words, insulin helps deliver sugar into the cells that changed into energy. If the amount is not enough insulin, the accumulation of sugar occurs in the blood causing diabetes.

The cause of diabetes or diabetes depending on the type of diabetes who suffer. There are 2 types of diabetes are common and that is suffered by many people with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. The difference is that if type 1 diabetes because of pancreatic organ function can not produce insulin, whereas type 2 diabetes due to a lack of insulin because the pancreas is not functioning well can not.

Diabetes Type 1

Type 1 diabetes is often called Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or a Dependent Diabetes Mellitus on Insulin. Thus type 1 diabetes related to the inability of the pancreas to make insulin. So this type of diabetes associated with defects or malfunctioning of the pancreas to produce insulin.

Patient with type 1 diabetes mostly occurs in people under the age of 30 years. That is why the disease is often called diabetic children because the sufferer is more common in children and adolescents. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas can not produce enough insulin because the body’s immune system disorder that destroys cells that produce insulin, or because of a virus infection so that the hormone insulin in the body decreases and the resulting pile of sugar in the bloodstream.
Causes of Type 1 Diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas can not produce enough insulin. Because of lack of insulin causes the glucose stays in the blood stream and can not be used as energy. Some of the causes of the pancreas can not produce enough insulin in type 1 diabetes, partly because:

* Descent or genetic factor. If one or both parents suffer from diabetes, then the children are at risk of diabetes.
* Autoimunitas the body is allergic to one type of cell or tissue itself-in this case, which is in the pancreas. The body loses the ability to form insulin because the immune system destroys cells that produce insulin.
* Virus or chemicals that cause damage to the island of cells (cell groups) in the pancreas where insulin is made. The more damaged cells island, the more likely a person suffering from diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes Treatment

Because the pancreas produces insulin difficulties, then the insulin must be added every day. Generally the way insulin injections. Is it possible with an oral care? Can not, because insulin can be destroyed in the stomach when inserted through the mouth.

Another way is to improve the work function of the pancreas. If the pancreas can return to normal functioning, the pancreas can meet the needs of the body needs insulin.

Diabetes Type 2

Type 2 diabetes is also called Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, or Diabetes Mellitus Without Insulin Dependent on. Diabetest different from type 1, in type 2 problem is not because the pancreas does not make insulin, but because the insulin produced is not enough. Most of the inhaled insulin is produced by fat cells due to lifestyle and diet are not good. While the pancreas can not make enough insulin to overcome that lack of insulin in the blood sugar levels will rise.

Type 2 diabetes is a type of diabetes that suffered most. Approximately 90% to 95% of diabetics suffer from type 2 diabetes. This type of diabetes most often affects adults over the age of 30 years and tend to worsen gradually.
Causes of Type 2 Diabetes
Causes of type 2 diabetes because the insulin produced by pancreas is not sufficient to bind the sugar in the blood due to diet or lifestyle is not healthy. Some of the main causes of type 2 diabetes can be summarized as follows:

* Factor descent, when parents or siblings of the experience.
* A diet or lifestyle is not healthy. The number of fast food outlets (fast food) that provides high-fat foods and not healthy.
* High cholesterol levels.
* Rarely exercise.
* Obesity or being overweight.

All the causes of type 2 diabetes is generally due to a lifestyle that is not healthy. This makes the body’s metabolism is not perfect that make insulin in the body can not function properly. The hormone insulin can be absorbed by the existing fat in the body. So the danger of diet and unhealthy living can make your body insulin deficiency.
Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

Type 2 diabetes treatment is to force the work function of the pancreas that can produce more insulin. If the pancreas can produce insulin the body needs, then the blood sugar levels will drop as can be converted into energy. In many instances, can be treated with the pill, at least initially, to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin. The pill itself is not insulin.

But be weary of the pancreas to produce insulin if constantly forced. The best way to deal with type 2 diabetes is a good diet to lose weight and sugar levels, along with appropriate exercise.

Diabetes Symptoms

Because of lack of insulin and have high levels of sugar in the blood, then some common symptoms for people with diabetes either type 1 or type 2. If you are experiencing some of these symptoms, you should check to see blood sugar levels. In general, several symptoms that occur include:

* Frequent urination
* Often feel very thirsty
* Often hungry because of not getting enough energy so the body’s hunger signals
* Losing weight suddenly though there was no attempt to lose weight. This is because when the body can not deliver sugar into the cells, the body burn fat and protein for energy alone.
* Frequent tingling in the feet or hands.
* Having problems like itchy skin or ulcers.
* If injured, take time to heal.
* Changes in behavior such as irritability. The reason for type 1 diabetics often awoke at night to urinate and could not sleep well.
* Easy to feel tired.

Are You Affected Diabetes?

Although symptoms may indicate a person had suffered from diabetes, but the best way to determine whether you have diabetes or not is to check. Anything can be done to see if you have diabetes? Here are some alternatives that you can do either personally or tests in the clinic.
How much sugar levels are normal?
Sugar levels after fasting:
Normal: below 100 mg / dl
Prediabetes: 100 – 126 mg / dl
Diabetes: above 126 mg / dl

Glucose 2 hours after eating:
Normal: below 140 mg / dl
Prediabetes: 140 – 200 mg / dl
Diabetes: above 200 mg / dl

Blood Tests

Usually done in the laboratory, which tested the blood during fasting and postprandial. Before the test, you must fast for 12 hours. Normal sugar levels during fasting is below 100 mg / dl. After that, taking the blood will be back 2 hours after eating, when the results above 140 mg / dL may mean you suffer from diabetes.
Urine Test

Urine or urine albumin levels checked, sugar and mikroalbuminurea to mengetahu whether a person has this disease or not. This test was also conducted in the laboratory or clinic.
Glukometer

This test can be done at home if you have the tool. The trick is to put a needle in the finger to take blood samples. Then the blood sample is placed into the gap which is available on glukometer machine. The result is not too accurate, but can be used to monitor the sugar for people with no indication that if the high sugar can quickly check on the laboratory and the doctor. Glukometer current tools are designed so easy to use and does not cause pain when taking a blood sample.

Diabetes Danger

Here are some serious dangers caused by diabetes.

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Long-Term Complications
Diabetes can cause long-term complications such as heart attack, stroke, blindness due to glaucoma, kidney disease, and wounds can not heal until the infection and had to be amputated. Even the level of the most terrible was death. These complications are caused by damage to blood vessels, nerve damage, and the inability of the body against infection. However, not all people with diabetes have problems of this long-term.
*
Hypoglycemia
Although it is not good when a high sugar content, but a patient with diabetes mellitus or diabetes may also be a sudden onset of blood sugar is below normal limits, called hypoglycemia. It’s also very dangerous because it can make sufferers shaky, sweaty, tired, hungry, irritable, or confused or fast heartbeat, blurred vision, headache, body numbness, or tingling around the mouth and lips. Even convulsions or fainting. Often times, proper diet and regular meals may prevent the problems. Consume glucose, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets, can raise blood sugar levels back to a safer level to other foods can be consumed.
*
Ketoacidosis
If glucose can not be processed properly by the body, the fat and protein in the body used by the body to become energy. But when the body burn fat, burning the rest formed called ketones. Ketones accumulate in the blood and flows into the urine. Because of this ketone is more acidic than healthy tissue, high levels of ketones in the blood can result in serious condition called ketoacidosis. The early symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis is thirst and frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and abdominal pain (especially in children). Breathing becomes deep and rapid as the body attempts to improve blood acidity. Patient breath smell like the smell of acetone. Diabetic ketoacidosis could develop into a coma, sometimes in just a few hours.

Prevent and Control Diabetes

Given the dangers and complications that can result from diabetes, then avoid or control high sugar levels is the best way. How?

* Losing weight. Fat in the body can absorb insulin.
* Avoid fatty foods, cured or fried. Instead, choose foods that are high in fiber and glucose complex.
* Reduce or sweet foods are high in calories, containing much glucose.
* Drink plenty of water.
* Exercise regularly.
* Avoid stress.
* Avoid alcohol or softdrink.
* Avoid smoking. People with diabetes who smoke even more risky, because their habits damage the heart and circulatory system, and the narrowing of blood vessels. A reference states that 95 percent of amputations associated with diabetes performed on smokers.
* Take medications the doctor prescribed to lower blood sugar levels.
* For people with type 1 diabetes, insulin delivery should be given regularly through insulin therapy.

Cure diabetes drugs do not exist, but by controlling blood sugar, one can avoid the danger of this disease. Changing your diet and lifestyle for the better and more healthy to run. People who suspect that he was suffering from diabetes should consult a doctor who has extensive experience in disease prevention and treatment of diabetes.

In epidemiology, in the year 2030 estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in Indonesia reached 21.3 million people (Diabetes Care, 2004). Based on the results of the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2007, found that the proportion of causes of death due to DM in the age group 45-54 years in urban areas ranked 2nd of 14.7%. DM ranked the 6th leading cause of death 5.8% in rural areas.

The problems that arise in the treatment of diabetes in Indonesia are:
1. Lack of early diagnosis adekuatnya
2. Limited access to comprehensive treatment
3. Kurangya recognition and early treatment of complications.
4. Inadequate education of society at large. This is contributing to high death and disability due to diabetes.

Diabetes associated with an increased risk of heart disease and blood vessels (stroke), chronic kidney disease, leg amputations, and blindness. Financing and the impact of DM complications is very high. This thinking underlies the importance of early detection and adequate intervention.

Diabetes and its impact

DM diagnosis established by laboratory tests of fasting blood sugar and blood sugar tests after eating (glucose load). Patients were asked fast 8-10 hours before the examination of blood sugar. Someone stated levels of DM when fasting blood sugar> 126 mg% and blood sugar levels 2 hours after glucose load more than 200 mg%. In general, patients were also asked to collect urine samples.

This is intended to detect glucose in urine. In normal circumstances there is no glucose in urine. If levels in the blood sugar is high, some glucose will be excreted through urine. Disorders of glucose tolerance should be alerted as early symptoms of DM. Lifestyle changes and regular laboratory tests are recommended.

In general known type 2 diabetes, namely type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent), and diabetes type 2 (non-insulin dependent). There is also a diabetes in pregnancy, and diabetes due to malnutrition. Type 2 diabetes usually begins in middle adulthood (40-50 years). The case of type 2 diabetes mellitus reported to continue to increase in many developing countries (including Indonesia). This may be caused by a number of cases of obesity (overweight) and lack of physical activity in children.

Mortality and morbidity in diabetes is more determined by the appearance of complications. Complications of diabetes are as follows: blood sugar level is very low (hypoglycemia) blood sugar levels are very high (hyperglycemia), increased risk of infection, complications of small blood vessels (microvascular), neurological disorders, and complications of large blood vessels (makrovaskuler). Diabetes mellitus is one cause of blindness in the adult group, the main cause of non-traumatic amputations, and the main cause of kidney failure.

DM issues in Indonesia

Indonesia is one country with the highest absolute DM patients in the world. Increased prevalence of DM in Indonesia has consistently appeared from time to time. Increased prevalence of DM can not be separated from food consumption patterns and lifestyles.

Various epidemiological studies consistently show that the increased prevalence of DM associated with obesity, lack of physical activity, and emotional stress. A situation which is identical to the pattern of urban life (urbanization) and the pattern of life kebaratan (westernization).

Urbanization and westernization was quite prominent in the various regions in Indonesia. Economic progress of the growing impact fast-food outlets, lack of exercise opportunities, and high emotional stress.

Another problem in the handling of DM in Indonesia is the lack of awareness and early detection. Diabetes mellitus complications will provide over time. This is what underlies the need for early detection and effective interventions as early as possible. The public is more familiar triad P (Polyuria / lots of urine, Polidipsi / lots of drinking, and Polifagi / lots of eating) as the classic symptoms of DM.

The problems that arise are a symptom triad P is not very typical for DM, and many DM patients who showed no symptoms. In many cases, the DM often with inadequate control. Fear of taking medicine regularly and failure in life style changes are often observed in many cases.

Educate the public about the dangers of DM complications is needed. In many cases, people with DM was treated when complications occur has been so bad. This will provide the burden of pain and disability are greater for people with DM and their families. DM complications handling costs will be much higher than the recognition and prevention efforts are effective DM.

Discover and control

In accordance with the theme of World Diabetes Day in 2009, ‘Understand Diabetes and Control’, then diabetes should be understood as a whole, both risk factors, diagnosis and complications.

Diabetes is very important Pengandalian implemented as early as possible, to avoid the cost of very expensive treatment. Even since the children and adolescents, healthy lifestyle by eating lots of vegetables and fruit, get exercise and not smoking is a good habit in the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

Therefore, the role of educators both formal and informal, DM educators and health cadres (doctors, paramedics, and trained community anggoat) very important role to reduce morbidity DM.
Development of partnerships with various elements in society and across sectors associated with DM in each region is an important activity carried out.

Understanding the risk factors of DM is very important to know, understand and can be controlled by the community, educators, educators and health workers in the surrounding community.

The purpose of DM control program in Indonesia is the implementation of controls to reduce risk factors for morbidity, disability and death caused by DM. DM control take priority on early prevention through risk factor prevention of DM is promotive and preventive efforts by not ignoring the curative and rehabilitative efforts are adequate.

Sugar obtained not only from sweet foods, because foods such as rice, bread, potatoes, and noodles contain sugar. So also in the side dishes and fruit like bananas, watermelon or cantaloupe. Sugar is derived from these foods including complex carbohydrates. While the sugar found in sugar, syrup and the like included in the group karbohirat simple. Soft drinks is also a contributor of sugar to the body when you consume too much. It is impossible to avoid sugar because sugar is one type of carbohydrate. And as already known, these carbohydrates are needed to produce the energy used in daily activities. So, the important thing is how to consume sugar in a balanced way so as not to harm the body.

How Much Can I eat sugar?

Consume sugar in balance means you have to arrange for the entry of carbohydrates in the body balanced with energy expenditure. The energy released is not the same person, because it depends on the age, weight and west of activities undertaken. The average amount of energy required is between 1500 kcals (kilo calories) for people with mild activity until 1800 kcals (kilo calories) when the activity was. This figure also includes energy derived from fats and proteins.

Since sugar is not only derived from food berkabohidrat, then to stay in balance the amount of carbohydrates that can be consumed is 40% to 50% for complex carbohydrates, and the remaining 10% to 15% for the consumption of simple carbohydrates. In short, such as the following table:
Sugar Light Activity Medium Activity
Energy 1800 kcals kcals 1500
Complex sugar consumption is allowed (40% – 50%) 600 kcals – 720 kcals 750 kcals – 900 kcals
Consumption of simple sugars are allowed (10% – 15%) 150 kcals – 225 kcals 180 kcals – 270 kcals

You are classified as people with mild activity when you work more often sat, doing homework that is not too heavy and 1-week exercise.

You also have to keep watching the amount of sugar contained in the proteins and sugars that are not excessive. In order not to feel hungry because it reduces the amount of carbohydrates you should eat more often with smaller meals instead of eating directly in large portions. This method can overcome hunger.

Body will be healthy if you are able to control the balance between incoming energy through food and drink with the energy expended through physical activity. And of course, this includes a balanced effect when you consume a variety of products that contain sugar.